Thirty years ago ecotourism was just an idea. Now it's going mainstream. The term "ecotourism" and the ideas behind it emerged almost simultaneously in Africa and the Americas. Here are some highlights of the first 30 years. Text by Costas Christ

1978
Early attempts to link tourism and community conservation in Amboseli are led by Kenyan biologist David Western.

1980
Costa Rica Expeditions president Michael Kaye tells the Tico Times that "tourism should contribute to rather than exploit the land."

1985
New York developer Stanley Selengut creates Maho Bay Camp, a prototype eco-resort in the U.S. Virgin Islands, using low-impact tents and elevated walkways.

1990
PBS airs Megan Epler Wood's documentary The Environmental Tourist. The conservationist-filmmaker then founds The International Ecotourism Society (TIES).

1991
TIES holds its inaugural board meeting, and "ecotourism" is officially defined.

1992
CCAfrica opens Phinda Mountain Lodge. The company's mantra: "Care for the land, care for the people, care for the animals."

1994
Australia commits $10 million toward developing a national ecotourism strategy.

1995
Delegates from 30 countries gather in Costa Rica to create international standards for ecolodges.

2002
The United Nations declares this the International Year of Ecotourism.

2005
The First Conference on Ecotourism in the U.S. is held in Bar Harbor, Maine.

2007
Calls increase for ecotourism standards across the mainstream travel industry.

-Article sourced from here-

Ed's note: Also check out the Wild Asia's 2008 Responsible Tourism Award
Committed to leaving the smallest footprint possible, one woman is waging war on global warming. By ROSE YASMIN KARIM

While a lot of tree-huggers take themselves way too seriously, Dr (H) Joean Oon carries her social conscience without being smug.

Going beyond screwing in compact fluorescent light bulbs and carrying tote bags to the grocers, the homeopathy and naturopathy doctor is tirelessly working towards bringing environmental awareness to the masses by giving free public talks . . . on garbage enzyme.

Fruits headed for the fermenting drums.

Environmental issues are important to Oon because she worries for the future generation.

“I was devastated when I found out that Malaysia was on the brink of sinking due to global warming,” says Oon at her Naturopathic Family Care Centre cum garbage enzyme headquarters in Tanjung Bungah, Penang.

“My biggest concern was for the safety of my three daughters, and I knew I had to do something, anything, to save them. That was what drove me to learn about producing garbage enzyme from Dr Rosukon Poompanvong, an alternative medicine practitioner in Thailand,” she recalls.

So how does trimming trash help to bring down the earth’s temperature?

“The production of garbage enzyme generates ground-level Ozone (O3). The O3 helps to maintain the earth’s temperature by releasing the heat trapped by the heavy metal in the clouds. If every household turns its garbage into enzyme, we can protect our ozone, live in a smog-free environment and eat food free from toxins,” explains Oon.

By mixing garbage enzyme with chemical cleaning products, Oon explains, the enzyme flowing into our drainage system will cleanse the rivers and oceans.

“We are running a campaign to encourage Malaysians to pour garbage enzyme into our rivers this Dec 21,” says Oon,

“The enzyme will help to break down the harmful chemicals. We have done a trial run at Sungai Kayu Ara in Selangor and the results have been encouraging.”

The yeast forming on the surface of the enzyme is rich in B complex and Vitamin C. — NURFADILLA A. K. S.

Oon works with 10 dedicated staff to produce the enzyme and to publish booklets. She and her team have gone on garbage enzyme road shows all across Malaysia, Hong Kong, Thailand, Singapore, Taiwan, Indonesia and India.

“To date, we have given away 15,000 bottles for free because we want to encourage people to try it and eventually make their own,” she says.

Funds for the project, according to Oon, have never fallen short.

“Thanks to the public’s generosity, we have not been short of brown sugar and plastic bottles to keep the project running,” she says.

The new black

So how practical — and useful — is this enzyme?

I don’t pick up litter in the midst of a shopping excursion, I don’t turn off the tap when I brush my teeth and I sure don’t wait until it mellows before I flush, but Oon’s suggestion to reroute one third of my household waste away from the landfill by making my own enzyme seems do-able.

While Oon attends to a patient, a staff member, Peter Too, 31, takes me to the porch for a garbage enzyme show-and-tell.

“Glass expands, so it’s better to use plastic containers to store the enzyme,” Too says, as he twists the lid off an air-tight plastic drum, releasing a whiff of fermenting fruits and vegetables. The smell was a cross between apple cider vinegar and orange juice past its shelf life.

“To make the enzyme all you need is one part brown sugar, three parts kitchen waste and 10 parts water. First, mix brown sugar with water. Then add in the garbage — watermelon rinds, orange peels, carrot shavings, tea leaves, apple cores, banana peels and vegetables.

“You can also put in meat, dairy products and durian, but I have to warn you, it’s going to smell really bad. Remember to leave some space at the top of the container for the enzyme to breathe. Every now and then, give it a good stir so it gets enough air. In three months, your enzyme is good for use,” says Too.

Volunteers helping to bottle the enzyme.

One of the drums has some funky-looking mould floating at the top.

“It’s yeast, and it’s perfectly safe to use,” Too says, rubbing it between his fingers for good measure.

Another barrel is littered with fat fruit worms, alive and crawling.

“Worms develop when the container is not sealed properly. To dissolve them all, just add one extra ratio of sugar and make sure the lid is tight. The extra protein will be great fertiliser.”

The garbage enzyme, Too explains, will never expire.

“The longer you store it, the stronger it will become,” he says, sending me off with a bottle and dilution instructions to try out.

Putting it to the test

My poor tresses have been subjected to shampoos that claim to be natural but contain parabens, sodium laureth sulfate and some other stuff I can’t pronounce. The enzyme, I figure, is just what I need to disarm the chemicals.

I don’t want to mix the enzyme in a full bottle of shampoo so I get a trial-size bottle, add two tablespoons of enzyme and give it a good martini shake.

The shampoo smells good, but leaves a sticky residue after the first rinse. I give it a second rinse. It leaves my locks looking, well, pretty much the same as they always do. Since it works fine on my hair, I decide to use the enzyme on other surfaces.

There is some lime scale collecting at the bottom of my bathroom pail. I fill it a quarter full with water, and add a tablespoon of enzyme. The flaky white stuff comes off after a good rub with an old loofah.

On a roll, I get to work on some dishes that have been sitting overnight in the kitchen sink. With the sink plugged, I squeeze a generous amount of liquid suds, three tablespoons of enzyme and some water and let the dishes soak for awhile. The suds smell light and fresh.

Getting rid of the crusty scrambled eggs in the skillet takes a bit of elbow grease but it all comes off.

I am so thrilled, my eyes start darting around trying to find something else to clean.

The kitchen tiles are in need of polishing, I decide. Rolling my sleeves, I soak a rag in a bucket of water and enzyme. A lot of dirt comes off. The result isn’t exactly sparkling, but it’s better than spraying toxic cleaning products.

Trigger-happy, I drop a tablespoon of enzyme into a brand name glass cleaner and set to work on my mirrors. Seeing my grinning reflection in the stain-free mirror totally pumps me up, but I can’t help but roll my eyes when I notice I still have zits at 27.

I dab a bit of enzyme onto some zits along my hairline. It stings a bit, but next morning, the pimples seem to have shrunk a bit. This is magic.

Feeling pretty pleased, I prop my feet on the ottoman and snack on pesticide-free grapes that have been soaked for 45 minutes in a bowl of enzyme and water. Being a domestic goddess sure isn’t easy, but at least with garbage enzyme there’s no little voice nagging at your eco-conscience.

To know more visit www.justlifeshop.com/changeclimate.

-Article sourced from here-

A trip to Machu Picchu left this traveler with a greater appreciation for nature, but does that justify the journey’s massive carbon footprint?
By Tobin Hack



Inkaterra Machu Picchu Luxury Hotel


This past May, in an uncharacteristically joie-de-vivre move, my family abandoned jobs, classes, and all the other trappings of “reality” to embark on a 10-day Peruvian odyssey ending at the Inca ruins at Machu Picchu. Ask me anything you want to know about our adventures—like what noise a baby llama makes when you feed it alfalfa (a soft, nudging bleat that will, no kidding, pierce your heart), or how much my acrophobic father liked inching along a 1.5-foot wide pass at 1500 feet high in the Andes surrounding Cusco (not much). Ask me how close Peruvian tour guides like to park their vans to the edges of terrifically steep cliffs (very), or what the national drink, a grape brandy-and-egg whites cocktail called a pisco sour, tastes like (heaven).

But if you ask me how green our trip was, I can’t promise that I won’t toss a pisco sour right in your face. It’s not that you don’t have the right to ask, it’s just that I’ve thought a lot about it, and there’s no good answer.

The first reason I can’t answer the question is that the sustainable tourism industry doesn’t yet have the universal set of criteria it’ll need before it can offer well-meaning travelers like myself a cohesive guide to the green, the bad, and the ugly of tourism. They’re working on it—a no-nonsense Sustainable Tourism Criteria Initiative is underway—but it could be a good while before Joe Shmoe can go online and find completely transparent environmental cred list for any given “ecotourism” operation.

Take Inkaterra Machu Picchu, the hotel where my family spent the last two nights of our trip. A research and conservation reserve as well as a hotel, Inkaterra boasts 111 species of butterflies; more than 16 species of hummingbirds; the largest native orchidarium in the world (372 species); a garden where coffee, tea, fruit and medicinal herbs are grown; impressive nature walk tours designed to introduce guests to all of the above; and even a resident biologist. As if that weren't enough, Inkaterra's partner non-profit foundation has been recognized for conservation work by National Geographic and even the World Bank.

But when I contacted Inkaterra to find out more about eco initiatives like water conservation and use of non-toxic cleaning supplies, the answers I got were vague at best. To compound my confusion, industry opinion of Inkaterra seems to fluctuate faster than a hummingbird’s wings can beat. Just last year, Inkaterra was called precedent-setting by Sustainable Travel International (STI)—a US-based travel certification company that’s helping to lead the push for global green travel standards—for its decision to go carbon neutral through STI’s carbon calculator. But this year, STI cofounder Brian Mullis says he probably wouldn’t even put Inkaterra on a list of the world’s top 50 green hotels. “In 2007,” he explains, “the press was still really supportive of any company that said ‘Hey, we’re carbon neutral,’ but the problem was that that wasn’t being defined. Most companies are not quite ready in travel and tourism for [green] certification—they’re just taking the initial steps.” STI has certified fewer than a dozen hotels to date, so how’s an innocent tourist to navigate the ocean of uncertified hotels claiming to be green?

I’m also not sure how to measure the planet-friendly parts of our trip, like our carbon-neutral stay at Inkaterra, against eco sins like the New York-to-Lima-to-Cusco series of flights we took to get there. Sure, we bought carbon offsets like good little greenies. And I did have a super intense conversation about composting and dry gardening with the Egyptian woman to my left on the first leg of the flight. Also, the Irish guy to my right was surprisingly receptive to my 40-minute tutorial on the importance of buying grass-fed beef. But no matter how you slice it, my vacation footprint was big.

So although I’d like to give my family a gold star for effort, I’ve got nothing quantitative to base a green grade upon. I’m left with a slew of notes scribbled in my journal, plus a few dozen photos. And memories—those things Barbara Streisand likes to sing about. Inkaterra’s whitewashed huts buried in the emerald cloud forest and lit up at night; the sweet, sticky air; the long, elegant coral-red bulb of Peru’s national Kantuta flower; the proud look on our nature guide’s face as he explained how Inkaterra preserves such a wealth of biodiversity in one place. The puff of steam that rose from the traditional thatched Andean sauna when I opened the flap door; the smoky taste of locally grown quinoa, bought from a Cusco market and served in a neatly pressed patty at Inkaterra’s restaurant, alongside tender slices of locally raised Alpaca. The delicious lemon-y smell of the “citronella splash natural insect repellent” made from cymbopogon nardus (no es tóxico, and it worked like a charm), left in tiny brown glass bottles next to our sinks.

Most clearly of all, I remember the harrowing, switchback bus ride from Inkaterra up through the jungle-like forest to the Inca ruins at Machu Picchu, and looking out for the first time over the stone homes and shelters spread over the mountaintop village that was Peru’s trading mecca before the Spanish invasion. The warm sunlight stretched across the hundreds of agricultural terraces sloping down the mountain’s steep inclines, painstakingly constructed by hand out of multi-ton boulders, and used in the 1400’s to grow cereals, beans, and grains. I followed the beautifully efficient, gravity-powered spring irrigation system, still routed intricately through homes, streets, and terraces, and felt the presence of the people who had, six hundred years ago, eaten, slept, and gossiped exactly where I was standing—integral cogs in a localized and self-sufficient community like none I’ll ever experience. My mother looked down at an ancient holy fountain and said sadly, “I keep thinking that if we worshipped water the way the Inca did, maybe we wouldn’t be wasting so much of it today.” A melancholy tune drifted to us from an Andean flute player just over the next hill as the sun fell and we climbed back through the ancient village to our bus.

So we didn’t win the low-carbon footprint prize this time around, it’s true. But we did what we could to mitigate our impact on Ma Earth, and we spent a whole lot more quality time with her than we would have had we stayed in New York and read coffee table books on Machu Picchu. Is that green travel? You tell me.

-Article sourced from here-
It’s sunburn and bug bite season, and that means we’re all slathering and spray our skin with all kinds of potions. But what is in these potions? Are they safe for our bodies? Are they even effective? As always, it takes some digging to get to the answer.

Sunscreens

As for so many things related to personal care products, I turned to the Environmental Working Group to find their recommendations. If you are not yet familiar with the EWG and their invalable, exhaustive research into the chemicals found in cosmetics, shampoos, lotions and so much more, please check them out!


Here is the EWG’s recent pronouncement on sunscreens: “In a new investigation of 952 name-brand sunscreens, the Environmental Working Group found that 4 out of 5 sunscreen products offer inadequate protection from the sun, or contain ingredients with significant safety concerns. Leading brands were the worst offenders: None of market leader Coppertone’s 41 sunscreen products met EWG’s criteria for safety and effectiveness, and only 1 of 103 products from Banana Boat and Neutrogena, the second- and third-largest manufacturers, are recommended by EWG.”

Alright, so who did the EWG recommend for efficacy and safety? Brands you probably have not heard of! California Baby products fared very well with its sunblock sticks. Lavera sunscreen with SPF 40+ also scored high. Badger Balm sunscreens, Vanicream, Soleo Organics, and Sun Science Sport Formula were also at the top of the list. To see the rest of the recommended list, click here.

On the other side of the scale, the worst of the worst were Iman Time Control, Rachel Perry Oil Free Moisturizer, Skin Simple, Australian Gold, St. Ives, Dermalogica, Alba Hawaiian, Elizabeth Arden, and many many more. To find out where your sunscreen ranks, just click on the link above and search by brand.

Bug Repellants

Most big-name commercial bug repellants contain DEET, or N-diethyl-meta-toluamide. While DEET is quite effective against critters, DEET has been found to have negative cognitive impacts in animal studies. It also causes skin rashes and irritation in many humans. DEET is especially dangerous for small children and should not be used on infants.


Fortunately there are a number of safe alternatives! Essential oils from plant like citronella, lemongrass, peppermint and cedar are all good bug repellants. Again, California Baby makes some very safe bug sprays, as does Badger Balm (both noted above in the sunscreen category as well). Aubrey Organics has a product titled GONE! You can also check out Repel Lemon Eucalyptus insect repellent. According to Repel, the product has proved effective against mosquitoes, deer ticks and other insects for up to six hours.

What have you tried that has worked for you? And have a safe, fun summer!

-Article sourced from here-

PARIS (AFP) — Sun screen lotions used by beach-going tourists worldwide are a major cause of coral bleaching, according to a new study commissioned by the European Commission.

In experiments, the cream-based ultra-violet (UV) filters -- used to protect skin from the harmful effects of sun exposure -- caused bleaching of coral reefs even in small quantities, the study found.

Coral reefs are among the most biologically productive and diverse of ecosystems, and directly sustain half a billion people. But some 60 percent of these reef systems are threatened by a deadly combination of climate change, industrial pollution and excess UV radiation.

The new study, published in US journal Environmental Health Perspectives, has now added sun screens to the list of damaging agents, and estimates that up to 10 per cent of the world's reefs are at risk of sunscreen-induced coral bleaching.

Chemical compounds in sunscreen and other personal skin care products have been detected near both sea and freshwater tourist areas. Previous research has shown that these chemicals can accumulate in aquatic animals, and biodegrade into toxic by-products.

Researchers led by Roberto Danovaro at the University of Pisa in Italy added controlled amounts of three brands of sunscreen to seawater surrounding coral reefs in Mexico, Indonesia, Thailand and Egypt.

Even small doses provoked large discharges of coral mucous -- a clear sign of environmental stress -- within 18 to 48 hours. Within 96 hours complete bleaching of corals had occurred.

Virus levels in seawater surrounding coral branches increased to 15 times the level found in control samples, suggesting that sunscreens might stimulate latent viral infections, the study found.

Pesticides, hydrocarbons and other contaminants have also been found to induce algae or coral to release viruses, hastening the bleaching process.

According to the World Trade Organisation, around 10 per cent of tourism takes place in tropical areas, with 78 million tourists visiting coral reefs each year.

An estimated 4,000 to 6,000 tonnes of sunscreen are released annually in reef areas, with 25 per cent of the sunscreen ingredients on skin released into water over the course of a 20 minute submersion.

Sunscreens are made of around 20 compounds acting as UV filters and preservatives. Seven were tested for the study, including parabens, cinnamates, benzophenones and camphor derivatives.

-Article sourced from here-

Image source: Avvaaz.org

Dear friend,

At the G8 summit in Japan, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, Japanese Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda, and US President George W. Bush are refusing to discuss climate targets for the year 2020.

Setting concrete, short-term targets is critical to the world's response to averting a climate crisis. We have to show these leaders that their global reputations will be affected by their actions -- so Avaaz has arranged an attention-grabbing, satirical full-page advert on Tuesday in the global Financial Times. Copies of the paper will be delivered to the hotel rooms of every delegate here at the summit. The more it is backed by global people power, the greater its effect will be. Click below to endorse its message and donate to help cover the cost, and then pass this message to friends and family!

http://www.avaaz.org/en/g8_2020_targets/98.php?cl_tf_sign=1

Harper faces a difficult election this fall, and climate change is emerging as a key issue. Bush, too, will soon be replaced, and the climate policies of his successor will be shaped by the political climate this summer and fall. And Fukuda faces a strong political opposition that is challenging him regularly on this very issue.

In short, Our global efforts now can send political shock waves through all three countries. It's up to us to raise a cry once again. Sign, donate, and spread the word:

http://www.avaaz.org/en/g8_2020_targets/98.php?cl_tf_sign=1

The Avaaz team

In this brand-new slideshow (premiering on TED.com), Al Gore presents evidence that the pace of climate change may be even worse than scientists recently predicted. He challenges us to act.